Differences and Similarities Between a Manager and a Leader

TASK 1

a. Differences and Similarities Between a Manager and a Leader

Manager: 

A person who is appointed to control the professional, administrative, and business activities of an organization is called a manager (Butera and Cruz, 2017.). The manager deals with the complexity of management by planning, budgeting, staffing, measuring performance, clarifying jobs, and problem-solving. Plans are made by him with a set goal in order to achieve the final end result. There are several operational plans to maintain the management of an organization. A manager must have a few effective features so that M&S can lead to a great height of success. Leadership quality is very helpful in leading employees in an efficient manner (Scase and Goffee, 2017.). A lot of responsibilities come with a manager post so leading ability must be effective. They must have experience working in a professional environment and in a leading team. Therefore, events should be organized in order to share and gain ideas and experiences with people.

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An effective communication skill is a key point for the manager so that he can communicate with all other employees in an effective way with a positive attitude. This skill is always helpful in representing an organization in a very dedicated and reputed way. Time management must be a priority to make a good start to the day. Employees are affected by the right time management of a manager and they also try to be managed with their working hours. Delegation for tasks and projects is not an easy concern, but they should be able to manage it in time (Hatchuel and Segrestin, 2018). It is obviously a matter to say that they must have confidence; yes, of course they should have a high confidence level. Employees of M&S should be respected by a manager so that their staff feel confident and energetic.

Along with these things, they must have skills to allocate the resources that are necessary for an organization, whether it is big or small. Collection and submission of budgets is part of a manager's role. The plans for the process and procedure of business must be highly effective to create and establish a good image of the organization in the market. Plans must be communicated and reinforced, and all the possible data and information must be collected to develop a good fit between people and their needs. These all would be very helpful in making better plans for the organization. New policies, procedures, and systems must be discovered and applied for the superior results of the company. The manager has capability to recruit employees as per the rules and norms of M&S.

Leader:

All information and instructions are given to a leader by the manager and the leader transforms these instructions to employees who are working under them. The final end result is attained by them (Goleman, 2017). The manager has the power to take risks for a company so that better outcomes is obtained. They always try to fill the gaps between an organization and its employees by avoiding conflicts. The efficacy of work in an organization depends upon the nature of work that is done by top-level managers. Followers are directly influenced by a leader in order to achieve a goal. They play a great role in the growth and development of an organization. Followers can be aligned by a leader but it is not done by a manager. The effectiveness of a work that is performed by followers shows the quality of a leader. Directions are chosen by a leader according to plans in order to complete the target of a task. The risks which are taken by the manager are minimized by a leader.

b. Functions of a Manager According to Fayol's Theory

Mainly five main functions of a manager are identified by Fayol.

Planning:

The manager always deals with the management of an organization where there is a need for plans, strategies, and objectives for a specific goal (Peaucelle, 2015.). It is as much as necessary to make present and future plans to secure the achievement of the future goals of a company. So it is very important to evaluate all parameters that are affecting the productivity of an organization.

Organizing:

The manager has the power to organize the systems of a company. They must train and recruit the right employees for the job. Different events and activities must be organized by a manager in a company to encourage the workforce of their employees. A good relationship between the company and its employees plays a great role in running a company in an efficient way.

Commanding:

Commanding is one of the tools of a manager that helps them to supervise their employees in everyday work and achieve the goal of the company. Commands are given to a leader and those are passed to the followers to work according to that within a time interval. Generally, the commanding activities are related to company policies, and followers have to follow those commands (Brunsson, 2017). Communication skills are one of the great tools to provide an effective command. Commanding must be in such a way that it motivates the followers to work; the negative impact of commands may lead to a decrease in the productivity of a company.

Controlling: 

Control over management means that a company is producing the desired result according to the plans that were made. The main motto of controlling is to look forward to continuous and dynamic activities. Controlling over business helps in comparing the competition in the market. Controlling is an effective part of planning. There is no more importance in planning without controlling. Wasted effort is made for planning if there is no involvement of controlling activities in management (Follett 2016).

Coordinating:

It is one of the most effective essences of management for the harmony of individual efforts that are made by them to achieve a goal. It is said that coordination is a process by which a process is pursued to a final goal with the help of subordinates. Coordination is the thread that makes a good network of working within an organization. Coordination provides strength to employees and management to work together in harmony (Parker 2016). Lack of it may lead to a decrease in the productivity of a company and a lack of confidence among employees.

c) Situational, System, and Contingency Leadership Used in Marks and Spencer

Leadership is the art of influencing, guiding, directing, motivating, and controlling the team members in the right direction and in the right path so that the organizational goals and objectives can be accomplished. In Marks and Spencer, there are distinct leadership styles that have been followed which are based on theories which were proposed by researchers and philosophers. These theories provide ground support to the leaders, which helps them in becoming effective and efficient leaders. In this context, the situational leadership, contingency leadership, and system leadership theories are described below:

Situational Leadership

The theory of situational leadership was derived by two professors and authors, Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard, in 1969 (Heizer, 2016). The theory is acknowledged by researchers and leadership gurus, as they found that the theory is robust and effective enough to be practically implemented within the organization. It is considered to be a powerful and effective tool of leadership used in behavioral science. Situational leadership refers to the leadership style followed by a leader or manager, which is dynamic and changes according to the situation and circumstances. The situational leadership style is a powerful yet agile tool that allows leaders more effectively influence their team members. As per this theory, leaders or managers

adjust their style in order to match the developmental level of employees, which they wish to influence in the company. It depicts four core critical and crucial competencies of a leader, which are:

1. Diagnose: Leaders need to analyze and diagnose the situation and circumstances in order to transform their style.

2. Adapt: They have to adjust their behavior according to the circumstances and contingencies.

3. Communicate: Leaders have to ensure that precise articulation and communication of information have been made.

4. Advance: Leaders have to implement the style and go forth in order to influence their team members.

The situational leadership style is considered to be beneficial for M&S as leaders are able to deal with employees and team members effectively and efficiently.

System Leadership Style

System leadership theory states that leadership style is a discipline of management that is concerned with the evaluation of interaction and nexus between the elements that are compromised in a definite system (Jacobs, Chase, and Lummus, 2014). According to system leadership theory, leaders without followers remain incapable of practicing their leadership, and to ensure the conviction, leaders have to provide a system, purpose, and structure (Systems Theory and Systems Approach to Leadership, 2017). The system approach justifies the thoughts on the complexity and dynamism of the environment and provides a framework for building innovative ideas. The theory supports two major attributes, which are:

1. It is collaborative

2. It extends the boundaries in which virtual, professional, and organization leaders can think beyond their usual authority and responsibility limits.

Leaders at M&S utilized system leadership theory in order to lead and guide their followers effectively and efficiently.

Contingency Theory of Leadership

The contingency theory of leadership was proposed in the mid-1960s by Fred Fiedler. The theory lays more focus on the situations and personalities of leaders. It anticipates that the traits of leaders are contingent upon various situational factors such as capabilities, preferred styles, and behavior of leaders. Leaders are not bound to follow one specific style and are open to changing their leadership style on the contingencies.

TASK 2

1 Different Approaches of Operations Management Used at Marks and Spencer

Operation management is considered to be the most important and essential department within the organization. There are different types of approaches to operation management and the one followed at Marks and Spencer are described below:

• Dynamic approach: Dynamic is the process, which means constant change. In order to sustain in the competitive environment and economy, it is essential to bring changes in the organization (Abou-Senna et al., 2018). The changes are made on the basis of critical research and analysis of the market environment. The dynamic approach has been used in Marks and Spencer's operations department, where the management frequently made changes according to the needs and expectations of the market.
• Six Sigma: The Six Sigma approach was first used by Motorola in 1996. It is the process improvement methodology. The Six Sigma approach is used by the operations management of Marks and Spencer in order to reduce the amount of waste by following the six essential steps of the approach. Through this, the management is able to enhance the sustainability and profitability of the organization simultaneously.
• Business process redesign (BPR): Business process redesign was formulated in 1993, which is the business management strategy that concentrates on analyzing and designing workflow of business processes within a company. The objective of BPR is to assist the organization drastically in restructuring its design, business process, and operations management (Baxley et al., 2016). The management of Marks and Spencer utilized this approach in order to enhance the productivity and profitability of the organization, which helped them in providing competitive advantages. Through this, they are able to cope with recent market trends and changes.

2 Role of Store Manager: a Class Example of an Operation Manager

Store supervisors and task managers are similarly essential for the organization to achieve its goal. Without them, specialty units can't do its working in a compelling way (Agarwal et al., 2012). The goal of Marks and Spencer to a great extent relies on the viable task and administration. Due to this reason, it is imperative for the director and pioneer to manage and arrange the representatives and, in addition, business exercises. With a specific end goal to deal with various circumstances in the organization, both administrator and pioneer have distinctive kinds of exercises. For instance, In Marks and Spencer, the significant issue that is confronted is a high rate of representative turnover because of the poor strategies for working, ineffectual practices, and absence of inspiration. In this circumstance, both pioneer and trough have distinctive parts and obligations to deal with this circumstance (Park et al., 2014.). Of this issue, organization execution and efficiency adversely affect consumer loyalty, which likewise makes improvement with respect to the overall industry. Piece of the overall industry is loan defeated this circumstance, administrator have significant part to comprehend circumstance and break down the purpose for the occurrence. In the wake of investigating the circumstance and purpose for this scene, the director needs to center around the advancement of compelling strategies, practices, and business framework that will be reasonable and open to as indicated by workers' necessities and working conditions. Directors have a significant part in outlining such practices and strategies which can be reasonable for workers. Moreover, the director can grow such viable reward and inspiration practices, for example, preparation and advancement. Representative's welfare programs, financial and non-money-related rewards, and so on, with the goal that laborers can be propelled for higher execution and can be held in the business for a long time (Iqbal and Sharma, 2012). To convey powerful rewards, similar to motivators, incidental advantages, remuneration, increase, and advancement is the action of the director to propel representatives so they can be held inside the specialty unit. Consequently, one might say that supervisors have a real part to play in dealing with the circumstance of representative turnover. The administrator can utilize their systematic and administrative expertise to beat the worker's turnover. In addition to this, the leader has another significant part and duty to defeat the circumstance of worker turnover. pioneer is a man who is near each subordinate and breaks down each subordinate movement and execution. To unravel these workers' turnover issues, pioneers can direct individual connections with representatives, break down their significant issues, and assess the explanation for this said scene.

3 Importance of Operation Management

Utilization of different activity and administration approaches, referred to as wands, can enhance the profitability and execution of business. With a specific end goal to get compelling results, organizations need to center around the activity administration. It is the exceptionally fundamental angle to enhance the execution and efficiency of the business undertaking. Activity administration guarantees that an association is directing business at peak productivity and capacity. It incorporates the improvement and utilization of assets that are fundamental for an organization to convey merchandise and ventures to its customers (Ghosh, 2015). With the help of successful activity administration, the profitability of the business can move forward. In this way, the director and pioneer have a significant role in light of the fact that with a specific end goal to deal with the operational exercises, workers' powerful execution is imperative. Managers and pioneers oversee and assess workers' execution with a specific end goal to make activity administration successful. With the help of legitimate task administration, Marks and Spencer can control and convey its different capacities and frameworks in the work environment. With the help of task administration, managers can without much of a stretch outline the procedure and structure of generation and different exercises of business. With the help of legitimate task administration, referred-to wander can use its accessible assets in a compelling way and they can likewise appropriately deal with the stock and hardware. Task administration is the best and fundamental practice in the business venture by which business efficiency and the nature of execution can be effortlessly moved forward. The fundamental expectation of the task administration is to change over contributions to successful yields alongside less wastage. In Marks and Spencer, the significant advantage of the activity administration approach is identified with conquering the waste. By utilizing different procedures of administration and activities like six sigmas, lining hypothesis, line generation, and up-to-quality administration, the firm can without much of a stretch dispense with wastage and extra costs from assembling and creation (Harwiki, 2013). These methodologies of administration and activity help in enhancing the nature of brand viability of items and administrations, which conveys the most elevated fulfillment to the customers. With the help of the different methodologies of activity and administration, organizations can upgrade the nature of the items and administrations. These methodologies can be connected in the creation and assembling process in the organization so by utilizing these strategies, firms can without much of a stretch defeat wastage and extra costs from the assembling and generation process and improve the viability of the item and administrations. The different approach of administration and activity helps in enhancing waste and extra costs from the generation and assembly process in the organization. It helps in enhancing the rate of business processes, customer administrations, and so forth so that through this customers can pick up the largest amount of fulfillment.

4: Identify the Key Outside Factors That Affect the Operation Management

M&S is a multinational retailer of clothing, footwear, and home products. The operations management of M&S is affected by various factors, including the macro environment. Identify the factors explain through pestle analysis of operation management in M&S.

PESTLE Analysis:

• Political factors: The operation management of the company is affected by some government rules and regulations, policies and procedures related to trade policy of raw material cost, machinery costs, etc. Any of the policies related to the operations of the company are operated by the government, so they affect the operation management (Bergström, Grubb, and Jonsson, 2007). In the process of manufacturing, if any resource costs is increased by the government, it is effected on the operations of the company.
• Economical factors: Economical factors include changes in the inflation rate; if the rate is increasing, the operation cost is increased and the pricing of goods and services is also increased. But if the rate is decreased, the operation cost is decreased and the pricing of goods and services is also decreased. Competitors' pricing is also affecting the operation management of the production process. If the competitor's pricing is increased and decreased, there is more effect on the operations of M&S.
• Social factors: Operation management is also affected by some social factors. Changes in fashions and trends, customers' tastes and preferences, according to the fashions or trends, make it difficult to operate goods and services. If the company is not providing services according to trends, customers are not satisfied with their products (Fizer, 2013). The company should produce those goods which satisfy customers needs and wants. Cultural factors such as different cultures are there and different peoples are there so the company should focus on operations that are according to the different cultures.
• Technological factors: Some changes in technology and entering the new technology in the market so that the company has produced the goods according to technology in the operations management. Because nowadays technology is a must in everything, in the production process, goods are produced with new technology-based machinery (Kaplan, 1960.). Online shopping is important for buying everything in just a click; it is easy for the customers. So M&S is focused on social media and online websites.
• Legal factors: legal factors, including modification of labor laws. It is affecting the operation process because in production labor is important for all procedures. Any of the changes in laws so that the company should adopt all the laws related to the labor working in their company. Consumer rights are the laws related to the consumers' buying behavior. All the consumers' buying behavior is different from others, and their needs and wants are also different, which affects the operation of M&S.

Environmental factors: In the production process, any raw material is related to the environment so it is effected on operations in goods and services. M&S has adopted these types of raw materials used in their products. So that these factors are effected for the operations of the company. Any changes in environmental climate so that it is effected on the production process of M&S. The company ensures that they can produce the goods and services to customers according to the environment (Memon et al., 2014).

5 Analysis of the Factors That Impact the Decision-Making of the Organization

There are various factors that affect not only operation management but also decision-making for the company. Some government policies and procedures have a positive impact on operations, but some policies and procedures, such as the high cost of machinery, have a negative impact on operation and decision-making. Changes in customers' tastes and preferences also has a negative impact on decision-making related to operations.

Technological changes also have positive and negative impacts on decision-making related to operations or production processes, because any alteration in the machines and any new technology adopted by the company makes it difficult for the decision-making of the operations management. Some legal changes in the process of operations, pricing of goods and services, and the tax rate of goods and services have a negative impact on the operation process and their decision-making (Nessett, 1986).

In the operation and production process of goods and services impacted by some environmental changes. Because M&S is used in raw materials related to the environment, it is difficult for operation managers to make decisions. If the customers want immediate services of goods but in the company there is no availability of immediate goods and providing services, it is difficult for managers to provide to customers. It is also difficult to make an immediate decision.

According to some mistakes, such as no availability of resources, machinery is not working, and labor is not working, it is difficult for the operations process of goods and services and difficult for customers to satisfy their needs and wants. In this situation, operation managers are under pressure to make decisions and manage the operations. Customers' demands always change according to fashion, taste, and preferences, so it is difficult to decide how to produce goods and services according to their demands (TENG, WU, and WU, 2004).

Competitors' pricing also impacts the operation management and decision-making of M&S. ASDA and TOPSHOP are also providing home goods and services at the same pricing so that they can put more effort into better-quality products for the customers and satisfy their needs and wants. Many retailers in the market provide the same quality products at the same price, so customers will be attracted to those retailers; it has a negative impact on M&S.

They can provide all the products on online stores so that it is easy for customers to get all types of products in just one click. Now every person uses mobiles and social media and does online shopping as well, so it is not necessary to go into the market and purchase the products. M&S also provides online services to customers.

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CONCLUSION

By the entire report, it has been summarized that management and operation are very significant aspects in Marks and Spencer by which the quality of products and services can increase and wastage from production and manufacturing can be eliminated. By using several applications and systems like Six Sigma, total quality management, lean production, etc., the company can easily meet the objectives of the business and deliver high-quality products and services to its customers. It has been also summarized that the manager and leader play a very crucial role in the management and operation functions and activities through which determined objectives can easily be addressed.

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